Institute  of  International  Education 

International  Relations  Clubs 
Syllabus  No.  XI 

The  Political  and  Economic 
Expansion  of  Japan 

By  Walter  B.  Pitkin 


Associate  Professor  of  Journalism 
Columbia  University,  New  York  City 


October,  1921 


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Institute  of  International  Education 

International  Relations  Clubs 
Syllabus  No.  XI 

The  Political  and  Economic 
Expansion  of  Japan 

By  Walter  B.  Pitkin 

Associate  Professor  of  Journalism 
Columbia  University,  New  York  City 


October,  1921 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2017  with  funding  from 
Columbia  University  Libraries 


https://archive.org/details/politicaleconomiOOpitk_0 


PREFACE 


The  following  chronological  outline  has  been  drawn  for  the 
express  purpose  of  delineating,  in  its  simplest  form,  the  course 
of  Japan’s  political,  economic  and  military  expansion  from  the 
earliest  times  to  date.  The  temptation  has  been  to  include  many 
detailed  statistics  on  trade  and  military  budgets  and  treaty  terms, 
but  all  these  have  been  reduced  to  the  barest  series  of  hints.  The 
student  is  expected  to  turn  back  to  the  various  statistical  sources 
here  mentioned,  in  order  to  fill  in  for  himself  the  continuity  of 
Japan’s  remarkable  development.  He  should  also  study  the 
chronology  with  a map  and  mark  it  with  the  appropriate  dates 
of  each  major  development  in  territorial  acquisition,  railway 
building,  and  trade  concession.  Only  thus  can  a clear  picture  of 
the  whole  evolution  be  gained. 

Unfortunately,  no  book  has  ever  been  written  on  the  precise 
correlation  between  military  and  economic  expansion  in  the  Far 
East.  Certain  phases  of  this,  to  be  sure,  have  been  dealt  with  in 
the  various  works  alluded  to  in  the  following  bibliography.  But 
he  who  seeks  a full  understanding  of  the  manner  in  which  business 
and  empire  have  gone  hand  in  hand  in  Japan  must  piece  together 
the  story  for  himself,  using  trade  reports  in  conjunction  with  the 
diplomatic  and  political  records.  Needless  to  say,  such  a task  is 
by  no  means  easy.  But  it  should  be  done,  in  rough  outline  at  least. 

Walter  B.  Pitkin 

New  York,  October  i,  1921 


l3l 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


The  following  books  deal  with  most  of  the  phases  of  Japanese 
expansion : 

Abbott,  J.  F.,  Japanese  Expansion  and  American  Policies 

Gibbons,  H.  A.,  The  New  Map  of  Asia 

Hall,  Arnold  B.,  The  Monroe  Doctrine  and  the  Great  War 

Hart,  A.  B.,  The  Monroe  Doctrine 

Hornbeck,  S.  K.,  Contemporary  Politics  in  the  Far  East 

lyenaga,  T.  and  Sato,  K.,  Japan  and  the  California  Problem 

Kawakami,  K.  K.,  Japan  in  World  Politics 

Latane,  J.  H.,  From  Isolation  to  Leadership 

Millard,  T.  F.,  Democracy  and  the  Eastern  Question 

Pitkin,  W.  B.,  Must  We  Fight  Japan? 

{The  Truth  About  China  and  Japan 
Reshaping  the  Far  East 
The  Fight  for  the  Republic  in  China 

A good  general  bibliography  on  Japan  down  to  1916  is  to  be 
found  in  the  Japan  supplement  of  the  New  York  Evening  Post, 
December  30,  1916,  pages  25  and  26. 

A recent  bibliography  of  Japanese- American  relations,  bearing 
in  part  on  Japanese  expansion,  has  been  compiled  by  the  New 
York  Public  Library,  and  published  in  the  Library  Bulletins  of 
January  and  February,  1921. 

For  the  texts  of  various  important  Japanese  treaties  and  agree- 
ments concerning  matters  of  political,  military,  and  economic 
expansion,  see  the  various  Japan  Year  Books,  particularly  that 
for  1910. 

Details  of  Japan’s  commercial  expansion  will  be  found  in  the 
various  bulletins  and  annual  reports  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of 
Commerce,  as  well  as  in  the  Japan  Year  Book. 

A general  survey  of  Japanese  history  and  trade  is  found  in  the 
Encyclopaedia  Britannica,  under  “Japan.” 


EARLY  ATTEMPTS  AT  EXPANSION 


In  the  third  century  the  Empress  Jingo,  of  Japan,  conquered 
Korea,  but  the  Japanese  did  not  remain  long  in  the  country. 

1587.  Hideyoshi  issued  the  first  decree  expelling  all  foreigners  from 
Japan.  It  was  not  strictly  enforced. 

1592-1598.  The  first  Japanese  invasion  of  the  Asiatic  mainland 
took  place.  Hideyoshi,  a great  commander,  sent  300,000 
soldiers  into  Korea,  for  the  purpose  of  conquering  China.  He 
crushed  the  Koreans  in  a series  of  terrible  massacres  on  land, 
but  was  finally  beaten  by  Korean  sailors,  who  devised  the 
first  crude  ironclads  ever  used.  The  campaign  lasted  six  and 
one  half  years  and  cost  a quarter  of  a million  lives. 

1614.  Tokugawa  Shogun  issued  a decree  of  expulsion  against  for- 
eigners and  undertook  to  enforce  it. 

1638.  The  expulsion  of  foreigners  begun  in  1614  came  to  its  tri- 
umphant finish  with  the  massacre  of  thirty-seven  thousand 
Japanese  Christians.  From  now  on  Japan  remained  abso- 
lutely closed  to  outsiders  for  two  hundred  and  seventeen 
years. 

Adams,  Francis  O.,  The  History  of  Japan  From  the  Earliest 
Period.  London,  1875.  Vol.  1. 


NINETEENTH  CENTURY  EXPANSION 

1861.  Russia  suddenly  seized  the  Island  of  Tsushima,  but  was 
obliged  to  withdraw  through  the  intervention  of  the  British 
minister.  Sir  Rutherford  Alcock,  and  Admiral  J.  Hope,  com- 
mander of  the  British-China  squadron. 

[5] 


1863.  Kagoshima  was  bombarded  by  a British  squadron  in  August, 
and  in  the  following  year  Shimonoseki  was  also  bombarded 
by  the  Allied  squadrons  of  England,  America,  France  and 
Holland.  The  murder  of  a Mr.  Richardson,  a Shanghai 
merchant,  by  some  retainers  of  the  Lord  of  Satsuma,  was  the 
cause  of  the  attack. 

1868.  Japan  demanded  from  Korea  recognition  of  the  New  Imperial 
Government.  The  Koreans  refused,  and  war  threatened,  but 
was  blocked  by  the  Japanese  statesmen  themselves. 

1871.  Formosan  headhunters  killed  some  natives  of  the  Loo-choo 
Islands,  which  had  long  been  paying  tribute  to  both  China 
and  Japan.  Japan  demanded  redress.  China  refused  to  aid 
in  securing  such  redress,  claiming  she  had  no  jurisdiction  over 
the  aboriginal  inland  tribes  that  had  committed  the  offence. 
Japan  sent  three  thousand  soliders  to  Formosa.  In  the  en- 
suing settlement,  October  31,  at  Peking,  Japan  established 
exclusive  suzerainty  over  the  Loo-choo  Islands. 

1872.  Commerce  before  Japan’s  “industrial  revolution.”  A sig- 
nificant manner  of  considering  the  expansion  is  to  look  at  the 
volume  of  imports  and  exports  per  capita  in  the  country.  On 
this  basis,  in  1872,  the  average  Japanese  contributed  only 
half  a yen,  or  about  twenty-five  cents,  to  his  country’s  ex- 
ports, while  he  received  from  abroad  only  seventy-nine  sen, 
or  about  thirty-eight  cents  worth  of  all  imports. 


Exports 
17,026,647  yen 


Imports 
26,174,815  yen 


1875.  Ogasawara-jima,  or  Bonin,  was  recognized  by  America  as 
Japan’s  possession. 

After  years  of  negotiation  with  Russia  over  the  title  to  the 
island  of  Sakhalin,  Japan  agreed  to  recognize  the  territory  as 
belonging  to  Russia,  provided  that  Russia  recognized  Japan’s 
title  to  the  Kuriles.  Russia  accepted  this  arrangement. 

1876.  Japan  forced  Korea  to  sign  a treaty  with  her  in  which  Korea 
was  recognized  as  an  independent  state  (no  longer  under  vas- 


[6] 


salage  to  China)  and  was  empowered  to  enter  into  treaties 
with  other  powers  on  a parity. 

1880.  Final  conferences  were  held  in  Peking  over  the  title  to  the 
Loo-choo  Islands.  The  Chinese  plenipotentiary  refused  to 
sign  without  further  consultation  and  authorization;  the 
Japanese  withdrew,  construing  China’s  failure  as  final  evi- 
dence of  recognition  of  Japan’s  suzerainty  over  Loo-choo. 

1882.  Korea,  tom  by  Chinese  and  Japanese  intrigues,  signed  foreign 
treaties  and  soon  afterward  mobs  destroyed  the  Japanese 
legation  building  at  Seoul.  Thereupon,  both  China  and  Japan 
sent  three  thousand  soldiers  to  Seoul.  The  menace  of  war  was 
deferred  by  some  inconsequential  diplomatic  patching-up. 

Trade  Expansion 

Exports  Imports 

37,721,751  yen  29,446,594  yen 

1884.  Korean  and  Chinese  troops  under  Yuan  Shi-Kai  attacked  the 
palace  in  Seoul  which  Japanese  troops  were  defending. 
Serious  friction  was  narrowly  averted. 

1885.  Prince  Ito  and  Li  Hung  Chang  signed  a new  convention  con- 
cerning Korea.  Both  China  and  Japan  therein  agreed  to 
evacuate  Korea  and  to  help  this  country  create  its  own  home 
defence. 


1891.  Trade  Expansion 

Exports  Imports 

79,527,272  yen  62,927,268  yen 

Callahan,  James  M.,  American  Relations  in  the  Pacific  and. 
the  Far  East,  1784-IQ00,  Johns  Hopkins  Press,  1901. 
Chamberlain,  Basil  H.,  Things  Japanese,  London,  1898. 


THE  WAR  WITH  CHINA 

1894.  China’s  continued  claim  of  sovereignty  over  Korea  led  more 
and  more  to  conflicts  with  Japanese  policy.  On  July  23,  after 
a long  series  of  factional  quarrels  between  pro-Chinese  and 


pro-Japanese  groups  in  Korea,  some  Japanese  kidnapped  the 
Queen  of  Korea  and  her  children,  and  appointed  a pro- 
Japanese  regent.  On  July  25,  the  Chinese  transport  “Kow- 
shing”  was  sunk  by  Japanese  cruisers.  On  August  i,  Japan 
declared  war  on  China.  The  war  lasted  only  seven  and  one 
half  months,  and  ended  in  an  overwhelming  Japanese  victory 
which  brought  the  following  terms  in  the  Treaty  of  Shim- 
onoseki,  April  17,  1895: 

China  was  bound  (i)  to  agree- to  complete  independence  of 
Korea ; (2)  to  cede  the  Liaotung  peninsula  and  its  littoral ; 
(3)  and  Formosa  and  the  Pescadores;  (4)  to  pay  indemnity 
of  two  hundred  million  taels;  (5)  to  open  up  Shashih, 
Chung- King,  Suchow  and  Hangchow  to  commerce,  and  the 
Yangtze  to  navigation.  The  second  clause  Japan  had  to 
renounce  owing  to  the  pressure  exerted  by  Russia,  Ger- 
many, and  France,  and  had  to  console  herself  with  the 
thirty  million  taels  paid  by  China  for  it.  Japan  was  to 
receive  that  part  of  Manchuria  south  of  the  line  drawn 
from  the  mouth  of  the  Anping  river  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Liao;  also  the  Pescadores  and  Formosa.  Russia,  Germany 
and  France  protested  the  occupation  of  the  mainland  by 
Japan.  Their  polite  show  of  power  led  Japan  to  accede, 
especially  as  she  had  been  financially  exhausted  by  the  war. 
The  war  with  China  was  a powerful  stimulant  to  Japanese 
commercial  expansion.  It  marks  the  beginning  of  the  Em- 
pire’s conscious  efforts  to  attain  the  economic,  as  well  as  the 
political  level  of  the  great  world  powers,  by  the  development 
of  manufactures  and  trade. 

Compare  the  figures  below  given  with  those  of  1891. 

1897.  Trade  Expansion 


Imports 

219,300,772  yen 


Exports 

163,135,077  yen 


1902.  January.  Japan  entered  an  entente  with  Great  Britain. 


THE  WAR  WITH  RUSSIA 


1904.  After  a long  period  of  Russian  aggression  in  Manchuria  and 
adjacent  territories,  during  which  the  Czar  and  his  agents 
resorted  to  trickery,  fraud,  and  violence,  against  both 


Chinese  and  Japanese,  Japan  went  to  war  with  Russia.  The 
war  ended  with  the  Portsmouth  Treaty.  This  Treaty  stipu- 
lated that  Russia  transfer  Port  Arthur  and  the  territory 
adjacent  to  Japan;  that  Russia  recognize  the  paramount 
interest  of  Japan  in  Korea;  that  Manchuria  be  restored  to 
China;  and  that  the  portion  of  Sakhalin  south  of  the  fiftieth 
parallel  of  latitude  be  ceded  to  Japan. 

Japan  also  won  from  Russia  one  hundred  and  sixty  versts 
(one  hundred  and  six  miles)  of  the  Central  Manchurian  Rail- 
way, north  of  the  zone  occupied  by  Japanese  forces  at  the 
end  of  hostilities.  This  concession  was  made  through  a con- 
fusion for  which  Count  Witte  was  responsible.  It  placed  the 
control  of  the  Sungari  wheat  fields  in  Japan’s  hands,  as  well 
as  permanently  destroying  the  military  value  of  the  whole 
Trans-Siberian  Railway  from  Harbin  to  Vladivostok.  From 
this  date  forth  the  Russian  Maritime  provinces  fell  under  the 
strategic  domination  of  Japan. 

1905.  Trade  Expansion 


Exports 

321,533,610  yen 


Imports 

488,538,017  yen 


In  1905,  the  average  Japanese  was  sending  abroad  6.70  yen, 
or  more  than  thirteen  times  as  much  as  in  1872;  and  he  was 
'receiving  10.18  yen  worth  of  imports,  or  again  thirteen  times 
as  much  as  in  1872. 

In  September,  the  Japanese-British  entente  was  revised  into 
an  offensive-defensive  alliance  which  insured  the  integrity  of 
China  and  the  territorial  rights  of  both  signatories  in  India 
and  Eastern  Asia,  each  party  guaranteeing  to  aid  the  other 
in  the  event  such  rights  were  jeopardized  through  the  activi- 
ties of  any  third  power.  (Japan  Year  Book,  1910,  page 
429  etc.) 

1907.  On  April  15,  Japan  and  China  formally  entered  into  an  agree- 
ment concerning  railway  development  and  control.  (Japan 
Year  Book,  1910,  page  437.) 

Erance  and  Russia  concluded  ententes  with  Japan  in  which 
the  status  quo  of  the  contracting  parties  in  the  Ear  East  was 
guaranteed. 


1908.  Philander  Knox,  Secretary  of  State  of  the  United  States 
proposed  to  the  Great  Powers  a plan  of  neutralizing  the  rail- 
ways of  Manchuria.  This  was  rejected  because  of  Russian 
and  Japanese  opposition. 

1909.  British  and  American  financiers  planned  to  construct  the 
Chinchow-Aigun  Railway  which  would  parallel  the  Man- 
churian Railway  taken  over  by  Japan. 

On  August  19,  Japan-China  Agreements  concerning  the 
Antung-Mukden  Railway,  Chiento  • and  other  outstanding 
questions  with  China  were  concluded. 

1910.  On  January  21,  Japan  sent  a reply  to  America  declining  Sec- 
retary of  State  Knox’s  proposal  to  neutralize  the  South  Man- 
churian Railway. 

On  August  22,  the  Treaty  of  Annexation  was  signed  by  the 
Representatives  of  Japan  and  Korea  and  was  made  public 
on  August  29.  Korea  became  officially  a part  of  the  Japanese 
Empire. 

By  1910  Japan  had  full  control  of  all  railways  in  Manchuria 
east  of  the  Liao  river,  all  the  mines  there,  and  a new  salt 
manufacturing  enterprise  which  was  forcing  its  product  on 
the  Chinese,  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  salt  was  a Chinese  gov- 
ernment monopoly.  The  lumber  business  of  the  Yalu  dis- 
trict was  also  completely  in  the  hands  of  Japan. 

1911.  During  the  Revolution  in  China  Japan  sent  infantry  to  the 
city  of  Hankow  (six  hundred  miles  up  the  Yangtze  river). 
These  forces  are  still  there.  Japan  has  subsequently  erected  a 
large  wireless  station  there. 

1913.  Under  the  agreement  of  this  year  with  China,  Japan  financed 
and  constructed  four  railway  lines  in  Manchuria.  The  official 
opinion  as  to  the  possibilities  of  the  lines  and  the  territories 
they  traverse  is  that 

“the  population  within  the  present  limits  of  the  four  lines 
numbers  between  twenty  and  thirty  millions,  but  the  re- 
gion can  easily  support  double  this  number.  The  farming 
as  at  present  conducted  is  so  rough  that  each  family  oc- 
cupies on  an  average  twenty- five  to  thirty-five  acres.” 

In  October  an  agreement  about  railway  concessions  in  Man- 
churia was  concluded  between  Japan  and  China. 

[ 10] 


JAPAN  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 


1914.  Japan  entered  the  World  War  on  the  side  of  the  Allies.  On 
October  6,  the  Japanese  squadron  occupied  the  German 
possessions  of  Jaluit;  and  about  a week  later  several  of  the 
Mariana,  Marshall  and  Caroline  groups  were  occupied.  One 
survey  ship  was  captured. 

Japan  took  over  the  Marshall  Islands,  and  made  the 
Japanese  language  compulsory  in  the  schools. 

1915.  The  Japanese  criminal  and  civil  code  for  the  Marshall  Islands 
was  issued.  Japan  took  over  the  Yap  cable  under  the  League 
of  Nations  ruling.  This  cable  connects  with  Shanghai, 
Menado  (Celebes)  and  Guam. 

On  January  18,  Japan  served  the  “twenty-four  demands”  on 
China.  (For  text,  see  B.  L.  Putnam  Weale:  Fight  for  the 
Republic  in  China.  Appendix.) 

On  April  26,  Japan  submitted  her  “revised  twenty-one 
demands”  on  China.  (For  text  and  events  in  connection  with 
this  move,  compare  Putnam  Weale : The  Fight  for  the  Republic 
in  China,  page  loi,  ff.) 

On  July  8,  the  New  Russo-Japanese  Convention  was  promul- 
gated as  follows: 

The  Imperial  Governments  of  Japan  and  Russia,  having 
resolved  by  united  efforts  to  obtain  permanent  peace  in 
the  Far  East,  agreed  upon  the  following: 

Article  1.  Japan  will  not  become  party  to  any  arrangement 
or  political  combination  directed  against  Russia. 
Russia  will  not  become  party  to  any  arrangement 
or  political  combination  directed  against  Japan. 

Article  11.  In  case  the  territorial  rights  or  special  interests 
in  the  Far  East  of  one  of  the  contracting  parties 
recognized  by  the  other  contracting  party  are 
menaced,  Japan  and  Russia  will  act  in  concert 
on  the  measures  to  be  taken  in  view  of  the  sup- 
port or  co-operation  necessary  for  the  protection 
and  defence  of  these  rights  and  interests. 


1918. 


Civil  Administration  in  the  Marshall  Islands  was  begun  under 
the  control  of  the  Japanese  navy. 

Location  and  jurisdiction  of  officers  of  the  civil  administra- 
tion department  created  by  the  Japanese  Navy’s  authority 
in  1918,  for  the  South  Sea  Islands  group  administered  by 
Japan: 


Location 

Saipan 

Palau 

Yap 

Truk 

Ponape 

Jaluit 


Jurisdiction 
Mariana  Islands 

West  Carolines,  west  of  east  longitude  137° 
West  Carolines,  east  of  east  longitude  137 
East  Carolines,  west  of  east  longitude  154 
East  Carolines,  east  of  east  longitude  154 
and  Marshalls,  west  of  east  longitude  154 
Marshalls,  east  of  east  longitude  160 


EINANCIAL  EXPANSION  OF  JAPAN  SINCE  THE 
WORLD  WAR 

1918.  During  this  year  Japanese  banks  and  syndicates  made 
twenty-nine  loans  to  the  Chinese  Government  and  Chinese 
enterprises  totalling  246,400,000  yen.  These  loans  were,  in 
the  main,  for  military  railways,  telephones  and  forestry. 
And  it  was  such  assets  as  these  latter  that  were  given  as 
security  for  the  loans. 

Of  all  the  loans,  the  most  important  politically  was  the  one 
for  26,000,000  yen  made  to  the  Shantung  railways  as  a conse- 
quence of  the  Shantung  Railway  Agreement  of  September  24, 
1918,  according  to  which  Japan  was  to  garrison  permanently 
the  capital  of  Shantung  province,  to  control  the  police  in  the 
railway  zone,  and  to  fill  all  the  important  railway  posts.  On 
September  28,  the  Chinese  Minister  to  Japan  secretly  signed 
at  Tokio  the  Manchurian  and  Mongolian  Railway  Agree- 
ment, according  to  which  the  Industrial  Bank  of  Japan,  the 
Bank  of  Taiwan,  and  the  Bank  of  Chosen  would  finance  the 
construction  of  four  railways  lying  northeast  of  Peking  and 
effectively  dominating  not  only  the  capital  but  also  the  entire 
territory  to  the  north  and  east  thereof.  The  violent  opposi- 
tion to  this  project  among  the  Chinese  prevented  the  ratifica- 
tion of  the  agreement  within  the  stipulated  time  limit  of  four 
months. 

[ 12  ] 


1920.  Japan  began  withdrawing  troops  from  the  Amur  Provinces  of 
Siberia  and  concentrated  them  along  the  Chinese  Eastern 
Railway  and  in  the  Maritime  Provinces. 

A special  commission  of  inquiry,  appointed  by  China  to  in- 
vestigate the  activities  of  the  Japanese  over  the  Chinese 
• Eastern  Railway,  declared  as  to  bandit  raids  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  railroad  which  spans  the  Province  of  Manchuria,  that 
it  was  “plain  that  certain  bandits  were  armed  with  Japanese 
guns,”  and  “that  a foreign  influence  is  exercised  in  favor  of  the 
bandits  for  the  evident  purpose  of  destroying  Chinese  auth- 
ority.” The  Japanese  have  installed  themselves  in  the  build- 
ings of  the  company. 

“Japan  has  acted  independently,  in  spite  of  the  Allies,  in 
Northern  Manchuria,  in  Transbaikalia,  and  in  the  Amur 
Province,  and  is  today  virtual  master  of  Harbin,  of  Chita, 
and  of  Blavovestchenok  . . . Evidence  is  accumulating 

that  Japan  has  followed  a set  plan  since  1917.” 

At  various  times  since  the  Armistice  Japanese  business  men 
and  foreign  investors  have  acquired  a large  number  of  con- 
cessions and  created  many  corporations  in  the  Far  Eastern 
Republic,  Manchuria,  Inner  Mongolia,  and  the  Philippines. 
The  gross  investments  of  Japanese  in  China  are  not  precisely 
known,  but  reliable  financial  authorities  estimate  them  as 
ranging  between  $750,000,000  and  $1,250,000,000.  No  trust- 
worthy figures  are  at  hand  to  show  the  extent  of  the  Siberian 
investments. 

Trade  Expansion 

Exports  Imports 

1,928,000,000  yen  2,320,000,000  yen 

Japan  comes  next  to  the  United  Kingdom  in  the  Indian  trade 
returns.  A decade  ago,  the  bulk  of  Japan’s  trade  with  India 
was  carried  in  British  bottoms,  financed  by  British  banks  and 
distributed  by  British  or  Indian  traders.  Now,  ninety  per 
cent  of  the  goods  go  in  Japanese  steamers,  and  they  are  to  a 
large  extent  financed  by  Japanese  banks,  and  distributed  by 
Japanese  nationals.  Similar  conditions  obtain  in  the  export 
trade,  but  reports  from  many  quarters  tell  of  growing  dis- 
satisfaction with  Japanese  goods  on  the  part  of  the  Indian 

[ 13  1 


consumer. 


THE  AWARD  OF  THE  YAP  CABLE  TO  JAPAN 

At  the  Council  of  the  Great  Powers  at  Versailles,  Japan  in- 
sisted from  the  start  that  the  Japanese  Government  was  en- 
titled to  German  rights  and  interests  in  the  Island  of  Yap. 
A mandate  was  granted  to  Japan  by  the  League  of  Nations, 
which  was  accepted. 

The  United  States  has  maintained — and  still  maintains — 
that  it  was  never  a party  to  the  agreement  by  which  Yap  was 
conferred  upon  Japan,  and  it  has  also  insisted  upon  equal 
commercial  opportunities  for  all  nationals  in  the  mandated 
territories.  A special  protest  has  been  lodged  concerning  the 
violation  of  American  interests  and  rights  in  the  assignment  of 
the  German  cable  station  to  the  Japanese  Government. 

During  1921  the  State  Department  and  the  Japan  Foreign 
Office  took  up  the  question  with  a view  to  achieving  a settle- 
ment prior  to  the  Disarmament  Conference  at  Washington. 
While  progress  is  being  made  in  that  direction,  no  final 
result  has  as  yet  been  announced  by  either  Power. 


GROWTH  OF  POPULATION 

Japan  took  her  first  census  in  1920.  The  figures  are  given 
below.  For  her  previous  rate  of  growth,  see  the  Government 
estimates  in  the  Japan  Year  Book  for  the  desired  period. 

Japanese  Census  1920. 

The  distribution  of  the  population  is  as  follows : 

Japan  proper 55,961,140 

Korea 17,284,207 

Formosa 3,654,000 

Sakhalin 105,765 


[ 14 1 


Total 


77,005,112 


INCREASE  IN  SHIPPING 


In  1855  Japan  had  one  steamship,  presented  by  the  Dutch 
Government.  In  1870  there  were  35  steamers  with  a total  of 
15,498  tons; 


1872 23,364  tons 

1882 42,199 

1892 165,764 

1902 610,446 

1912 702,738 

1914 1,177,760 

1918 2,310,960 

1921 2,995,878 


Sailing  boats  are  not  included  in  above  figures. 


PREVIOUS  PUBLICATIONS 


1919 

*Announcement  of  Founding  of  Institute. 

1920 

Bulletin  No.  i.  First  Annual  Report  of  the  Director. 

^Bulletin  No.  2.  For  Administrative  Authorities  of  Universities 
and  Colleges. 

Bulletin  No.  3.  Observations  on  Higher  Education  in  Europe. 
Opportunities  for  Higher  Education  in  France. 

Opportunities  for  Graduate  Study  in  the  British  Isles. 

1921 

Bulletin  No.  i.  Second  Annual  Report  of  the  Director. 

Bulletin  No.  2.  Opportunities  for  Higher  Education  in  Italy. 
*Bulletin  No.  3.  Serial  of  an  International  Character. 

(Tentative  List  for  Libraries) 

"^Bulletin  No.  4.  Educational  Facilities  in  the  United  States  for 
South  African  Students. 

Bulletin  No.  5.  Guide  Book  for  Foreign  Students  in  the  United 
States. 

Bulletin  No.  6.  See  Syllabus  No.  VH. 

For  the  International  Relations  Clubs 

Syllabus  No.  1.  Outline  of  the  Covenant  of  the  League  of  Nations. 
Syllabus  No.  H.  The  Past,  Present  and  Future  of  the  Monroe  Doc- 
trine. 

Syllabus  No.  HI.  The  History  of  Russia  from  Earliest  Times. 
Syllabus  No.  IV.  The  Russian  Revolution. 

Syllabus  No.  V.  The  Question  of  the  Balkans. 

Syllabus  No.  VI.  Modern  Mexican  History. 

Syllabus  No.  VI I . Hispanic-American  History. 

Syllabus  No.  VIII.  The  Question  of  the  Near  East. 

Syllabus  No.  IX.  China  Under  the  Republic. 

Syllabus  No.  X.  The  Baltic  States. 

Syllabus  No.  XL  The  Political  and  Economic  Expansion  of  Japan. 


*Out  of  print. 


ADVISORY  COUNCIL 


Addams,  Jane 
Alderman,  President  Edwin 
Ames,  Dean  Herman  V. 
Andrews,  Fanny  Fern 
Biggs,  Dr.  Herman 
Blakeslee,  Professor  G.  H. 
Brookings,  Robert  S. 

Bru^re,  Henry 
Bull,  Dr.  Carroll  G. 

Burton,  President  M.  L. 
Byrne,  James 

Coolidge,  Professor  Archibald 
Cravath,  Paul  D. 

Cunliffe,  Professor  J.  W. 
Davis,  Katherine  B. 

Downer,  Professor  Charles  A. 
Ely,  Professor  Richard  T. 
Filene,  A.  Lincoln 
Finley,  Dr.  John  H. 

Fosdick,  Dr.  Harry  E. 

Gilbert,  Cass 
Gildersleeve,  Dean  V.  C. 
Goodnow,  President  F.  J. 
Hadley,  Dr.  A.  T. 

Hale,  Dr.  George  E. 
Harrington,  Governor  E.  C. 
Hazen,  Professor  Charles  D. 
Hibben,  President  J.  G. 

Howe,  Professor  Henry  M. 
Hughes,  Hon.  Charles  E. 
Jenks,  Professor  Jeremiah 
Judson,  President  H.  P. 
Keppel,  Frederick  P. 

Keyser,  Professor  C.  J. 

Lovett,  President  Edgar 
Lowell,  President  A.  L. 
MacCracken,  President  H.  N. 

Woolley,  Pres 


Mali,  Pierre 

Main,  President  J.  H.  T. 
Mannes,  David 
Marling,  Alfred  E. 
Meiklejohn,  President  A. 
Milliken,  Professor  R.  A, 
Moore,  Professor  E.  H. 
Morgan,  William  Fellowes 
Neilson,  President  W.  A. 
Noyes,  Professor  Arthur  A. 
Payne,  President  Bruce  R. 
Pendleton,  President  Ellen  T. 
Pupin,  Professor  Michael  I. 
Putnam,  Herbert 
Richardson,  Dr.  E.  C. 
Robinson,  Dr.  Edward 
Sachs,  Professor  J ulius 
Salmon,  Dr.  Thomas  W. 
Schwedtman,  Ferdinand  C. 
Severance,  Mrs.  C.  A. 
Shanklin,  President  W.  A. 
Shorey,  Professor  Paul 
Shotwell,  Professor  J.  T. 
Showerman,  Professor  Grant 
Stimson,  Henry  L. 

Stokes,  Dr.  Anson  Phelps 
Storey,  Professor  Thomas  A. 
Suzzallo,  President  Henry 
Thomas,  President  M.  Carey 
Todd,  Professor  Henry  A. 
Townsend,  Hon.  John  G. 
Vincent,  Dr.  George  E. 

Wald,  Lillian  D. 

White,  Professor  Henry  C. 
Wilkins,  Professor  Ernest  H. 
Wilson,  Professor  George  G. 
Woodbridge,  Dean  F.  J.  E. 
dent  Mary  E. 


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